The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress Term Paper

The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress - Term Paper Example At the same time, originality is not a quality that rigidly means that no one has ever performed that research before, indeed John Stuart Mill’s thesis, On Liberty, for the most part is actually a break-down of an ancestor’s work while Mill only interjects a few new thoughts. Although John Stuart Mill was not 100% original, he is still considered an original in his field because of a few breakthrough philosophies in economics: non-competing groups, joint products, alternative costs, the economics of the firm, supply and demand and Say’s law. These novel ideas although not entirely new are attributed to Mill because of his command of language and his analytic work. Originality is a measurement for scientific progress only if the originality accomplishes three things: it discovers a novelty or innovative piece of information; it adds more information to a theory, thus improving on it, or it can negate the truth of a widely-held belief. In all, originality has to ch arter man toward development and truth. Another criteria to evaluate the efficiency of originality is the closer investigation and refinement of theories already engineered. The purpose of originality is to necessary clash with an existing order since each new idea has to continually challenge man to question, revise and reform theories and accepted truths. Originality is not synonymous with development, however, it is positive because it carries a power that can revolutionize, shake and remake – a characteristic much needed in science. Also a risk that must be taken is the infiltration of error in the name of originality. â€Å"The Wealth of Nations (1776) is an intellectual watershed. Adam Smith’s System of Natural Liberty (Laissez Faire) represents a sharp break with the past with respect to the relations of citizens to government and the economy.† Composed by Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations is a historical text which advances the idea of capitalism and lai ssez-faire liberalism. Both philosophies manage to lay the groundwork for America’s government and economy. Adam Smith tends to revive a liberalism of a country’s local economy and the international market. Preceding capitalism and laissez-faire liberalism is a restrictive and imperialistic order controlled by the State. Smith stands out as a great economist since â€Å"great economists are those who influence the profession as a whole, and this they can do only if their doctrines do not involve too great a change from the views and knowledge of †¦the science† (Stigler 3). Smith blazes a trail in the field of economics advocating capitalism and laissez faire liberalism. His views are widely accepted because they fall in line with the predominant socio-political climate in America during the proclamation of independence and promote the interests of equality, meritocracy and industry in a society damaged by aristocratic prejudice and royalist oppression. Smit h’s view is to encourage a liberalization of the world market with no barriers to trade. Instead of an insular, local market, Smith lives and writes The Enlightenment period of world history during which the light of reason shines. Absolute control is no longer pleasing to the enlightened ear. Instead, independence obtains wide currency. In view of the change in American government from monarchy to democracy, Smith sees the need to break away from the old order of transacting business. The year is 1776 in which the rays of the Enlightenment burst forth; as a result, thinkers are developing new

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 7

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example The evaluations of the assumptions help to understand to what extent the assumptions are valid. Finally a conclusion is provided to summarise the findings and the assumptions considered in the business plan. 2.0 The business plan The business plan endeavours to create a guideline about the market segment, the sources of fund and the cash inflow and outflows for a period of three years. The choice of non profit organisation is limited and so is the type of products and services. The non profit organisation is named as Sumptuous Catering Service. The choice of the non profit organisation is also supplemented with the choice of products and services. Sumptuous Catering Services is a food catering service that serves food both demand based occasions as well as for regular occasions. 2.1 Choice of products and services Types of products Sub categories in each type of products Boxed typed lunches Sandwich, salad, deli type salad, fresh fruits, cookie and chips Buffet type lunches Party pla tters, Sandwich wrap platters, Baked potato bars, Lasagna bar, and Taco salad bar Source: (Author’s Creation) The choice of the products must be supplemented with proper justifications regarding the market segmented of the product. The market segment depicts who are the target customers and the proportion of takers of the particular product in the population. The choice of the product is food and catering. The probable market segment will represent two types of customers; one who place orders on a regular basis and ones who seldom place orders. For example, the infrequent customers can include parties and get-together, celebrations of special occasions and other on-demand basis. The more frequent customer types include office lunches, school lunches, college lunches, hospital, other government sector canteen lunches and dinners. The demand from the regular type customers are more or less stable and have same type of demand for a long period of time (Garnier and Gasse, 2001). 2.2 The following table indentifies the major and minor customer types Source: (Author’s Creation) 2.3 Market analysis of the major and minor type of customers Source: (Griffith and Dorsman, 2008) Projected growth of the market segment Market Analysis       Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5    Potential Customers Growth                   Major customer types 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%    Minor customer types 14% 2% 14% 16% 18% 20%    Total 16.00% 4% 16% 18% 20% 22%    Source: (Author’s Creation) 2.4 Promotion strategy Sumptuous Catering Service is a non profit organisation so the promotion strategy will be designed keeping in mind the cost involved in promotional campaigns. The promotional strategy will be a low cost, low visibility programme at least for the first year. A number of non profit organisations like the NGO and self help groups will be roped in using the word of mouth strategy and the email campaigns (Griffith and Dorsman, 2008). The self h elp groups and the NGO are linked to various governmental and nongovernmental